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(2.) In Exodus 2:3, Isaiah 18:2 (R.V., “papyrus”) this word is the translation of the Hebrew gome, which designates the plant as absorbing moisture. In Isaiah 35:7 and Job 8:11 it is rendered “rush.” This was the Egyptian papyrus (papyrus Nilotica). It was anciently very abundant in Egypt. The Egyptians made garments and shoes and various utensils of it. It was used for the construction of the ark of Moses (Exodus 2:3, 5). The root portions of the stem were used for food. The inside bark was cut into strips, which were sewed together and dried in the sun, forming the papyrus used for writing. It is no longer found in Egypt, but grows luxuriantly in Palestine, in the marshes of the Huleh, and in the swamps at the north end of the Lake of Gennesaret. (See CANE.)
•BULWARKS mural towers, bastions, were introduced by king Uzziah (2 Chronicles 26:15; Zephaniah 1:16; Psalm 48:13; Isaiah 26:1). There are five Hebrew words so rendered in the Authorized Version, but the same word is also variously rendered.
•BUNCH (1.) A bundle of twigs (Exodus 12:22). (2.) Bunch or cake of raisins (2 Samuel 16:1). (3.) The “bunch of a camel” (Isaiah 30:6).
•BURDEN (1.) A load of any kind (Exodus 23:5). (2.) A severe task (Exodus 2:11). (3.) A difficult duty, requiring effort (Exodus 18:22). (4.) A prophecy of a calamitous or disastrous nature (Isaiah 13:1; 17:1; Habakkuk 1:1, etc.).
•BURIAL The first burial we have an account of is that of Sarah (Genesis 23). The first commercial transaction recorded is that of the purchase of a burial-place, for which Abraham weighed to Ephron “four hundred shekels of silver current money with the merchants.” Thus the patriarch became the owner of a part of the land of Canaan, the only part he ever possessed. When he himself died, “his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah,” beside Sarah his wife (Genesis 25:9).
Deborah, Rebekah’s nurse, was buried under Allon-bachuth, “the oak of weeping” (Genesis 35:8), near to Bethel. Rachel died, and was buried near Ephrath; “and Jacob set a pillar upon her grave” (16-20). Isaac was buried at Hebron, where he had died (27, 29). Jacob, when charging his sons to bury him in the cave of Machpelah, said, “There they buried Abraham and
Sarah his wife; there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife; and there I buried Leah” (49:31). In compliance with the oath which he made him swear unto him (47:29-31), Joseph, assisted by his brethren, buried Jacob in the cave of Machpelah (50:2, 13). At the Exodus, Moses “took the bones of Joseph with him,” and they were buried in the “parcel of ground” which Jacob had bought of the sons of Hamor (Joshua 24:32), which became Joseph’s inheritance (Genesis 48:22; 1 Chronicles 5:1; John 4:5). Two burials are mentioned as having taken place in the wilderness. That of Miriam (Numbers 20:1), and that of Moses, “in the land of Moab” (Deuteronomy 34:5, 6, 8). There is no account of the actual burial of Aaron, which probably, however, took place on the summit of Mount Hor (Numbers 20:28, 29).
Joshua was buried “in the border of his inheritance in Timnath-serah” (Joshua 24: 30).
In Job we find a reference to burying-places, which were probably the Pyramids (3:14, 15). The Hebrew word for “waste places” here resembles in sound the Egyptian word for “pyramids.”
Samuel, like Moses, was honoured with a national burial (1 Samuel 25:1). Joab (1 Kings 2:34) “was buried in his own house in the wilderness.”
In connection with the burial of Saul and his three sons we meet for the first time with the practice of burning the dead (1 Samuel 31:11-13). The same practice is again referred to by Amos (6:10).
Absalom was buried “in the wood” where he was slain (2 Samuel 18:17, 18). The raising of the heap of stones over his grave was intended to mark abhorrence of the person buried (comp. Joshua 7:26 and 8:29). There was no fixed royal burying-place for the Hebrew kings. We find several royal burials taking place, however, “in the city of David” (1 Kings 2:10; 11:43; 15:8; 2 Kings 14:19, 20; 15:38; 1 Kings 14:31; 22:50; 2 Chronicles 21:19,
20; 2 Chronicles 24:25, etc.). Hezekiah was buried in the mount of the sepulchres of the sons of David; “and all Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem did him honour at his death” (2 Chronicles 32:33).
Little is said regarding the burial of the kings of Israel. Some of them were buried in Samaria, the capital of their kingdom (2 Kings 10:35; 13:9; 14:16).